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集装箱保险条款诠释
作者: 郭国汀
集装箱保险的格式表现了集装箱的混和性质。有些人认为它是被装上船运送的货物,其他人则认为它是用于运载货物的船舶的延伸,此种承保集装箱的保险含有摘选自承保货物和船舶的标准条款中的要素。集装箱经营人可以是船东,贷运代理(Freight forwarder.指代表其客户安排经海上、陆地或空中将件货自一地运送至另一地点的公司。别称为Shipping and Forwarding Agents或Forwarding Agents.译者注),或仅是为他人使用的travelling boxes的租箱人,但无论其经营的性质如何,他将会要求按相同的一般条件,对他的所有的集装箱投保,无论其位于何处,也无论其价值如何。因此,在风险开始时,向保险人显示详细的信息相当重要,这些信息将填写进保险单格式末端的附表(或附贴于保险单),且需要清楚地识别保险单承保的每个集装箱。
有两种协会格式可供选用:一种承保综合条件(综合险full condition),另一种仅承保全损、共同海损、救助、救助费用和施救费用。
下述评论涉及综合险格式。
1987年1月1日协会集装箱定期保险条款(Institute Container Clause ,Time)
本保险受英国法律和惯例的制约
This insurance is subject to English law and practice.
本条款的效果已在对货物保险条款(第38页)和船舶保险条款(第90至91页的评论中考虑过。
承保风险(Risks covered)
RISKS COVERED
1 Risks Clause This insurance covers all risks of loss of or damage to the subject-matter insured, except as provided in Clauses 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 below.
2 General Average Clause This insurance covers general average salvage and salvage charges, adjusted or determined according to the contract of affreightment and/or the governing law and
practice, incurred to avoid or in connection with the avoidance of loss from any cause except those excluded in Clauses 5, 6, 7 and 8 or elsewhere in this insurance, For the purpose of claims for general average contribution salvage and salvage charges recoverable hereunder the subject-matter insured shall be deemed to be insured for its full contributory value.
3 “Both to Blame Collision Clause This insurance is extended to indemnify the Assured against such proportion of liability under the contract of affreightment “Both to Blame Collision”
Clause as is in respect of a loss recoverable hereunder. In the event of any claim by shipowners under the said Clause the Assured agree to notify the Underwriters who shall have the right, at their own cost and expense, to defend the Assured against such claim.
4 Machinery Clause The Underwriters shall only be liable under Clauses 1 and 2 above for loss of or damage to the machinery of the container
4.1 when the container is a total loss (actual or
constructive)
4.2 when such damage is caused by
4.2.1 fire or explosion originating externally to the
machinery
4.2.2 vessel or craft being stranded grounded sunk or capsized
4.2.3 overturning derailment or other accident to land
conveyance or aircraft
4.2.4 collision or contract of vessel or craft with any
external object other than water
4.2.5 general average sacrifice
4.2.6
1 风险条款
本保险承保保险标的的灭失或损害的一切风险,但下述第4,5,6,7和8条规定者除外。
2 共同海损条款
本保险承保为避免或与避免除了那些第5,6,7和8条除外规定或本保险其他规定之外的损失而发生的共同海损、救助、救助费用,按货运合同及/或管辖法律和惯例进行的理算或测算。
为了下述可获赔偿的共同海损分摊,救助和救助费用索赔之目的,本保险标的应视为系按其全额分摊价值投保。
3 互有过失碰撞条款
本保险扩展承保被保险人根据海上货运合同互有过失碰撞条款按其过失责任分摊赔偿的下述有关可获赔偿的损失。万一船东根据该互有过失碰撞条款提出任何索赔,被保险人同意通知保险人,保险人有权自负费用和开支,为被保险人抗辩此种索赔。
4 机器条款
保险人仅对根据上述第1条,第2条集装箱的机器的灭失或损害负责赔偿:
4.1 当集装箱全损时(实际或推定全损)
4.2 当此种损害是由下述原因造成时:
4.2.1 源于该机器外部原因引起的火灾或爆炸
4.2.2 船舶或驳船搁浅、擦浅、沉没或倾覆
4.2.3 翻倒、脱轨或陆上运输工具或航空器的其他意外事故
4.2.4 船舶或驳船与除了水体以外的任何外部物体的碰撞或触碰
4.2.5 共同海损牺牲。
第1条 风险条款
本条措词与1982年1月1日协会货物保险(A)条款第1条相同。 “All risks of loss of or damage to subject-matter insured”(保险标的的灭失或损害的一切风险)。这些措词的含义已在第12页至第14页作过详细解释。
第2条 共同海损条款
本条第一段的格式,措词及效果完全与协会货物保险(A)条款第2条相同。在第16页至第18页已作解释。
第3条 互有过失碰撞条款
本条与协会货物保险(A)条款第3条相同,见第18页。
第4条 机器条款
本条的效果在于将灭失或损害的任何索赔限于因集装箱的机器(实际或推定)全损所致者,或对于部分损失索赔,则损害须是由于协会货物保险(C)条款列举的危险之一引起者。见第39页至42页的评论。还有进一步的限制,即在损害是由于火灾或爆炸造成的情况下,这必须是由于该机器本身以外的其他原因引起的。
除外(Exclusions)
5 General Exclusion Clause In no case shall this insurance
cover
5.1 loss damage or expense attributable to wilful misconduct
of the Assured
5.2 ordinary wear and tear, ordinary corrosion and rust, or
gradual deterioration
5.3 mysterious disappearance, unexplained loss and loss
discovered upon taking inventory
5.4 loss damage or expense caused by inherent vice or nature
of the subject-matter insurred
5.5 loss damage or expense proximately caused by delay, even
though the delay be caused by risk insured against (except
expenses payable under Clause 2 above)
5.6 loss damages or expense arising from insolvency or
financial default
5.7 loss damage or expense arising from
unseaworthiness of vessel or craft,
unfitness of vessel craft or conveyance for the safe
carriage of the subject-matter insured,
where the Assured or their servants are privy to such
unseaworthiness or unfitness.
6 War Exclusion Clause In no case shall this insurance cover
loss damage liability or expense caused by
6.1 war civil war revolution rebellion insurrection, or civil
strife arising therefrom, or any hostile act by or against a
belligerent power
6.2 capture seizure arrest restraint or detainment (barratry
and piracy excepted), and the consequences thereof or any
attempt thereat
6.3 derelict mines torpedoes bombs or other derelict weapons
of war
6.4 confiscation nationalization requisition or pre-emption.
7 Strike Exclusion Clause In no case shall this insurance
cover loss damage liability or expense
7.1 caused by strikers, locked-out workmen, or persons taking
part in labour disturbances, riots or civil commotion
7.2 resulting from strikes, lock-outs, labour disturbances,
riots or civil commotions
7.3 caused by any terrorist or any person acting from a
political motive.
8 Nuclear Exclusion Clause In no case shall this insurance
cover loss damage liability or expense arising from any weapon
of war employing atomic or nuclear fission and/or fusion or
other like reaction or radioactive force or matter.
5 一般除外条款
本保险不承保:
5.1 可归因于被保险人故意渎职的灭失或损害
5.2 通常磨损,通常锈蚀,或逐渐变质(gradual deterioration)
5.3 密秘丢失,在还箱时发现的无法解释的损坏或损害
5.4 因保险标的的固有缺陷和性质引起的灭失或损害
5.5 由于延迟直接造成的灭失或损害,即便该延迟是由承保风险之一造成者(根据上述第2条应支付的费用除外)
5.6 由于破产或财务困境引起的灭失或损害
5.7 由于下述原因引起的灭失或损害:
船舶或驳船的不适航
船舶、驳船或运输工具不适合安全运载保险标的
若被保险人或其代理人对此种不适航或不适运有私谋。
6 战争除外条款
在任何情况下,本保险不承保由于下列原因造成的灭失,损害,责任或费用:
6.1 战争、内战、革命、叛乱、暴动或由此引起的内乱,或任何交战团体之间的敌对行为
6.2 捕获、扣押、扣留、管制或拘押(欺诈恶行和海盗除外),及这些行为引起的后果或进行这些行为的企图
6.3 被遗弃的水雷、鱼雷、炸弹或其他被弃遗的战争武器
6.4 没收、国有化、征用或先占
7 罢工除外条款
在任何情况下,本保险决不承保下列灭失、损害或费用
7.1 由罢工者、闭厂工人或参与劳资纠纷、暴乱或民事骚乱的人造成者
7.2 由于罢工、闭厂、劳资纠纷、暴乱或民事骚乱引起者
7.3 由任何恐怖分子或出于政治动机的人员造成者。
8 核除外条款
在任何情况下,本保险决不承保由于应用原子或核裂变和/或核聚变或其他类似反应或放射性力量或物质的任何战争武器引起的灭失、损害、责任或费用。
下述除外条款与协会货物保险条款中的除外条款对应:
在协会集装箱定期保险条款中的除外 在协会货物保险条款中的除外
5.1对应 4.4
5.5对应 4.5
5.7对应 5.1
对这些除外的解释见上述第19至23页有关协会货物保险(A)条款的评论。
第5.2款的除外是基于1906年《海上保险法》第55条第2款C项规定的习惯除外。“通常锈蚀”(ordinary
corrosion and rust)及“逐渐变质”(gradual
deterioration)仅仅是通常磨损的现象和例子。
“5.3 Mysterious disappearance, unexplained loss and loss
discovered upon taking inventory”(密秘丢失,在还箱时发现的无法解释的损坏或损害)
这些措词反映了由被保险人承担证明其遭受了某项损失及根据“一切险”承保的灭失或损害应是意外原因造成的举证责任的一般法律原则。见第13页的解释。
“5.6 Loss damage or expense arising from insolvency or
financial default”(由于破产或财务困境引起的灭失或损害)
本款与协会货物保险条款第4.6款的不同之处在于造成灭失或损害的破产或财务困境的人们是不特定的。或许伦敦保险市场将该除外引进集装箱保险的现行格式,是为了能够拒绝在将来万一出现与Integrated
Container Services Limited v. British Traders Insurance
Co.Limited 案
相似的事实情况下的责任。在该案中,集装箱所有人,索回了根据施救条款而发生的费用,这些费用是为了确保释放在已破产的租箱人经营场所的部分集装箱而支付的。
除了一个方面以外,战争、罢工和核除外(第6,7和8条)与协会货物保险条款第6,7和4.7款的规定相同。不同之处在于第6.2款列举的“战争”危险“捕获、扣押、扣留、管制或拘押”-不仅是那些除了海盗行为之外的,而且那些由于船长、船员的欺诈恶行引起的亦除外。这意味着,如果一艘船上运载着被保险人的集装箱的船舶,由于船长非法走私,而被外国政府当局扣押或拘押(如在Cory
v.Burr案 的情形),保险人对由此产生的损失或被保险人根据施救条款为索回他们的集装箱而产生的费用便负有赔偿责任。
保险范围
9 Limits Clause Each container is covered, including whilst
on deck, within the sea and territorial limits specified in
the Schedule below. Breach of these limits held covered at a
premium to be agreed, subject to prompt notice being given to
the Underwriters.
10 Sale or Hire Clause If a container insured hereunder is
sold leased or hired to a party not named as an Assured, the
insurance of that container shall terminate automatically
unless the Underwriters agree in writing to continue to cover.
This Clause 10 shall prevail notwithstanding any provision
whether written, typed or printed in this insurance
inconsistent therewith.
9 限制条款
每个集装箱,包括装载于甲板上者,均按下列附表规定的海域或领域承保。若违反这些限制,取决于迅速通知保险人,并按约定的保险费,本保险得续保。
10 出售或出租条款
如果某个保险集装箱被售与或出租给某个未被载明为被保险人的其他人,除非保险人书面同意继续承保,本保险将自动终止。
本保险即便有任何与本条规定不符的任何条款,无论是书写的,印就的还是打印的,均以本第10条为准。
第9和第10条亦可换个标题“重要提示”(prompt
notice)。第10条清晰地默示当集装箱所有人就其商业运作出租其部分集装箱时,所有人和经营人必须作为保险单项下的共同被保险人。对于此种安排的任何变更,诸如转租,必须通知保险人并要求其书面同意继续承保,否则所涉及集装箱的保险将终止。集装箱经营人,应知晓他与其货物客户安排的根据固定设施的集装箱的目的地,如果任何目的地超出订立保险合同时在保险单附表上批注的地理限制时,第9条要求他迅速通知保险人。
11 Cancellation Clause This insurance may be cancelled by
either the Underwriters or the Assured giving 30 day’ notice
(such cancellation becoming effective on the expiry of days
from midnight of the day on which notice of cancellation is
issued by or to the Underwriters).
11.1 In the event of cancellation by the Underwriters, they
shall allow pro rata daily net return of premium to the
Assured.
11.2 In the event of cancellation by the Assured, the
Underwriters shall allow such return of premium as may be
agreed.
11 取消条款
本保险可以由被保险人或被保险人提前30日发出通知而取消(此种取消在保险人签发或收到取消通知30日之午夜届满之时生效)。
11.1 如果由保险人取消,允许按日比例向被保险人退还净保险费
11.2 假如被保险人提出取消,保险人将按约定退还保险费
如果保险人或被保险人希望取消保险单,要求提前30日发出通知。
12 Assignment Clause No assignment of or interest in this
insurance or in any moneys which may be or become payable
hereunder is to be binding on or recognised by the
Underwriters unless a dated notice of such assignment or
interest signed by the Assured, and by the assignor in the
case of subsequent assignment, is endorsed on the Policy and
the Policy with such endorsement is produced before payment of
any claim or return of premium thereunder.
12 转让条款
本保险利益或依本保险得付或应付款项的转让,除非经被保险人,在后继转让时经受让人,签署载有日期的此种转让通知批注在保险单上,并在支付赔偿或退还保险费前,将如此批注的保险单提交给保险人,不约束保险人,或为保险人承认。
本条与协会船舶定期保险条款第21条相同。见第150页。
CLAIMS
13 Insurable Interest Clause In order to cover under this
insurance the Assured must have an insurable interest in the
subject-matter insured at the time of the loss.
14 Notice of Claim Clause In the event of accident whereby
loss or damage may result in a claim under this insurance,
prompt notice shall be given to the Underwriters or, if the
container is abroad, to the nearest Lloyd’s Agent so that a
surveyor may be appointed to represent the Underwriters should
they so wish.
15 Partial Loss and Deductible Clause Where a claim is payable
under this insurance for the excess of the deductible
specified in the Schedule below in respect of each container
any one accident or series of accidents arising from one event
but this deductible shall not apply to
15.1 The Underwriters only to be liable for the excess of the deductible specified in the Schedule below in respect of each
container any one accident or series of accidents arising from
one event but this deductible shall not apply to
15.1.1 total loss (actual or constructive)
15.1.2 general average salvage or salvage charges
15.1.3 charges incurred under Clause 18 below.
15.2 In respect of each container the Underwriters shall not e
liable
15.2.1 in respect of unrepaired damage for more than the
insured value at the time this insurance terminates
15.2.2 for unrepaired damage in the event of subsequent total
loss (whether or not covered by this insurance) sustained
during the period covered by this insurance or any extension
thereof.
16 Constructive Total Loss Clause 16.1 In ascertaining whether
a container is a constructive total loss, the insured value of
that container shall be taken as the repaired value and
nothing in respect of the damaged or scrap value shall be
taken into account.
16.2 No claim for constructive total loss based upon the cost
of recovery and/or repair of a container shall be recoverable
hereunder unless such cost would exceed the insured value of
that container. In making this determination, only the cost
relating to a single accident or sequence of damages arising
from the same accident shall be taken into account.
13 可保利益条款
为了根据本保险提出索赔,被保险人在保险标的灭失当时必须拥有某种保险利益。
14 通知条款
如果发生可能引起根据本保险提出索赔的灭失或损害的意外事故,应迅速通知保险人,如果集装箱在国外,则通知最近的劳氏代理人,以便可以指定一位代表保险人的(若其愿意的话)检验人。
15 部分损失与免赔额条款
在集装箱受损但并非全损,根据本保险可获赔偿的情况下,赔偿限额将不超出修复此种损害的合理费用。
15.1
保险人仅对超出下列附表载明的免赔额部分负责,该免赔额是有关任何一次事故或同一事件中一系列事故引起者,但该免赔额对下述情况不适用:
15.1.1 (实际或推定)全损
15.1.2 共同海损,救助或救助费用
15.1.3 根据下述第18条发生的费用
15.2 有关每一集装箱,保险人对下述情形不负责任:
15.2.1 在本保险终止时,超出保险价值的有关未经修理的损害
15.2.2 对于未经修理的损害,在本保险期间或任何展期期间,万一遭受全损(无论是否属本保险承保)。
16推定全损条款
16.1 在确定某个集装箱是否推定全损时,该集装箱的保险价值应按其修理价值计算,而不应考虑其有关损害或报废价值
16.2 除非索回及/或修复某个集装箱的费用超过集装箱的保险价值,不得根据此种费用提出推定全损索赔。
可保利益条款(第13条)与协会货物保险条款第11.1款相同。见第30页。
索赔通知与1983年10月1日协会船舶定期保险条款第10.1款相似,应当注意集装箱保险同样要求迅速通知保险人。
第15条处理部分损失的赔偿限额及适用于每个集装箱的免赔额的适用(规定于保险单附表)。
依1906年《海上保险法》第56条1款,部分损失被定义为并非全损的任何损失。因此,部分损失包括共同海损,救助和救助费用以及单独海损的索赔。与包含在所有的协会船舶保险条款中的免赔额条款不同(参见协会船舶定期保险条款第12条。见第135页),其适用免赔额按所有的索赔累加计算,在集装箱保险条款下,免赔额仅适用于单独海损索赔(不构成全损的对集装箱的损害)。因此,集装箱全损,共同海损,救助,救助费用及根据施救条款的费用索赔,均不扣除免赔额全额赔付。有趣的是,伦敦保险市场(仅对集装箱条款)已经放弃
“the aggregate of all claims arising out of each separate
accident or occurrence”(就每一单独事故或事件引起的所有索赔的累加)的表述,而用 “any one
accident or series of accidents arising from one
event”(由某一事件引起的任何一次事故或一系列事故)取代,或许是为了那些不熟悉船舶保险索赔理算的复杂性的集装箱经营人的利益。
其他理算的简化规则规定于第15条。
-单独海损的赔偿限额不应超过合理的修理费用
-对任何一个集装箱有关未经修理的损害保险人的责任,不应超过其保险价值,对于在本保险期间倘若任何集装箱全损,对其未经修理的损害的任何索赔亦不得超过其保险价值。
BENEFIT OF INSURANCE
17 Not to Inure Clause This insurance shall not inure to the
benefit of any carrier or bailee other than Assured.
保险利益
17 不适用条款
本保险除了被保险人之外对于任何承运人或受托人的利益不适用。
这与协会货物保险条款第15条相似。
MINIMISING LOSSES
18 Duty of Assured (Sue and Labour) Clause It is the duty of
the Assured and their servants and agents in respect of loss
recoverable hereunder
18.1 to take such measures as may be reasonable for the
purpose of averting or minimising such loss, and
18.2 to ensure that rights against carriers, bailees or other
third partied are properly preserved and exercised
and the Underwriters will, in addition to any loss recoverable
hereunder, reimburse the Assured for any charges properly and
reasonably incurred in pursuance of these duties.
19 Waiver Clause Measures taken by the Assured or the
Underwriters with the object of saving, protecting or
recovering the subject-matter insured shall not be considered
as a waiver or acceptance of abandonment or otherwise
prejudice the right of either party.
18 被保险人的义务(施救条款)
被保险人及其雇员和代理人对有关可获赔偿的损失有义务:
18.1 采取可以避免或减轻此种损失的合理措施,及
18.2 确保适当地保留和行使了针对承运人,受托人或其他第三方的所有的权利,除了任何可获赔偿的损失之外,保险人将补偿被保险人为履行这些义务而适当和合理产生的费用。
19 弃权条款
被保险人或保险人为拯救,保护或索回保险标的之目的而采取的措施,不应视为放弃或接受委付或损害任何一方的权利。
被保险人义务条款(第18条)还提及其旧的标题施救条款。它与协会货物保险条款第16条相同。见第34至37页的解释。
第19条弃权条款是船舶和货物保险条款的标准条款。
每个集装箱均有清晰的辩认标志是本保险的一项条件。
随后是印就的附表格式,规定了保险集装箱的识别标记,本保险的海域和领域,运载集装箱的海船和船名(在这有关之场合)及根据第15条适用的免赔额的数额,亦即:
附表
保险标的 海域和领域
型号和规格 识别标记 价值 应视为包括在这些海域和领域之间的通常航线
免赔额 海船名称
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